India
India's recorded violence sits alongside a much larger field of caste exclusion, communal tension, anti-Muslim hostility, and rigid barriers against interfaith/inter-caste unions.
Who gets targeted here
Class and caste bias
Caste-based violence (targeting Dalits and Adivasis) is systematic, enforcing social hierarchy through land disputes, labor exploitation, and extreme violence.
Where this comes from
- National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) India (2022)"57,582 crimes against Scheduled Castes reported."
Bias against mixed marriages
Hostility toward inter-caste and interfaith marriages is severe. 'Love Jihad' conspiracy theories drive vigilante attacks, and multiple states have passed laws effectively criminalizing interfaith unions.
Where this comes from
- Amnesty International (2023)"Anti-conversion laws weaponized against interfaith couples."
Islamophobia (anti-Muslim bias)
Hindu nationalist rhetoric has increasingly mainstreamed hostility toward India's Muslim minority, leading to vigilante violence ('cow protection' lynchings) and discriminatory citizenship laws.
Where this comes from
- Human Rights Watch India Report (2024)
Bias against women and girls
Endemic gender-based violence intersects heavily with caste and religion, where violence against marginalized women is frequently used as a tool of communal intimidation.
Sports rivalry violence
Cricket in India is deeply tied to national identity. Matches against rival nations (e.g., Pakistan) frequently trigger extreme online abuse and occasionally real-world violence against minority communities accused of 'disloyalty'.
Where this comes from
- Digital Hate Crimes Tracker (2022)